Selection of Materials and Labour in Construction

Selection of Materials and Labour in Construction Suitable selection of materials and labour Insitu reinforcement concrete and structural steel are popular and dominates in the framing market of multi storey buildings. Through the above evaluation we found that the insitu reinforcement concrete frames materials and labour is pretty much stable then steel and precast concrete frame. Therefore, we recommend using insitu reinforcement concrete frame approach in this development. Cost Cost is one of the crucial factors need to be considered in the selection of structural framing options and this costs of framed structures can be affected by the market condition. Through our experience and market analysis, we found that the insitu reinforcement concrete frame is much cost efficiency compared to the others type of structural frame. This is due to steel is particularly volatile and always influence by the exchange rates due to international competitions. Adversely, cement price is more stable and according to BCA (2007), the statistic claims that the UK average cement price is stable over the last 10 years and it is raised below the inflation rate. Cement is one of the main components in the concrete mixture and thus cause the concrete price generally will be cheaper. Therefore it is wisely no to propose steel frame as its price fluctuate more frequently in comparing with concrete. Speed of construction In principle, the insitu reinforcement concrete frame has a disadvantage in term of construction speed it is relatively slow due to the time consumed for curing. However, lead time for steel frame actually is higher than insitu reinforcement concrete frame because one of the reasons is due to the steel frame need to pre-fabricate in factory and it is requires a number of fabrication processes. Lead time can be defined as the actual time counted from putting in an order (by the builder) until to the actual construction one site of a particular element. According to the lead time figure published in the Chartered Quantity Surveyor (1992), show that insitu reinforcement concrete frames lead times is 2-8 weeks and it is less than the steel frames lead times; with 8-14 weeks. Hence, the insitu reinforcement frame constructions total construction time would be shorter if compared to steel frame. Although steel frame construction has an advantage in term of faster structural erection time but in our opinion the shorter total construction time produced by insitu reinforcement frame construction is more crucial. Therefore, the insitu reinforcement concrete frame construction is more suitable and is recommended in this project. Ability to standardise The insitu reinforcement concrete frame is more flexible and tolerant in any alteration during the construction process. Any subsequence alteration is straightforward and it would not much affect the following construction sequence, process, cost and importantly greater delay would not happen. But, both the steel and precast concrete frame has disadvantages in the ability to standardise. This is due to both are factory prefabricated products and later only deliver to site for installation. Therefore any subsequence alteration in steel frame or precast concrete frame construction either in design or construction sequence will cause an impact in the factory production line as well as to the subsequent following construction planning process. Fire resistance The insitu reinforcement concrete frame has inherent fire resistance advantage compared to steel frame which fire resistance factor is not inbuilt. Therefore steel need additional fire protection work and this directly will involve additional construction time and cost. Size and nature of site As mentioned above both of the steel and precast concrete frame are prefabricated in the factory. Therefore, it has a disadvantage and limitation in producing huge structural frame during the prefabrication process and installation process at site. Similarly the delivery process of prefabricated huge frame will also tough and massive and not practical. But, this does not happen to the insitu reinforcement concrete frame where the huge structural elements can be adjusted and produced on site by constructing it in small part each time without affect by the factor of size and nature of site. Finally we would like to propose that this 10 storey building to be constructed by using insitu reinforcement concrete frame construction due to the above mentioned advantages. In addition, this insitu reinforcement concrete frame is more useful in accomplishing green process compared to steel frame. Adversely, we also do not negligence on the disadvantages points of the insitu reinforcement concrete frame such as quality control, massive construction process and etc. However, this insitu reinforcement concretes existent disadvantages factors can be reduced to an acceptable level by adopting a proper site management system and well planned construction process. REFERENCES: Construction Technology 5, Heriot-Watt University Comparison Of Reinforced In-Situ Concrete And Structural Steel In Multi-Storey Building Framework Construction, RIAD QUADERY (ICE Membership Number: 64405090) BCA (2007 Chartered Quantity Surveyor (1992) Unit 1 (c) In order to increase the building height to 30 storeys, the previous proposed structure need to consider and cope efficiently to the gravity loads and resists significant lateral loads or sway force cause by wind, while at the same time, not presenting excessive self weight loads on the foundation system. Therefore, some alteration in terms of frame will need to take into consideration for achieving the tall building design safety factor. According to Chew, Y L M., Construction Technology for Tall Buildings (2nd Edition), the amount of materials needed in a tall building to resist gravity loads is almost linear with its height, however the amount of material needed to withstand lateral forces increases with the square of the wind speed. The Figure 2.1 below is an illustration of the lateral forces imposed by wind increase exponentially with the building height. A) Introduction of Shear Truss Shear wall Structure Shear walls normally is reflected to the vertical elements in the lateral force resisting system (LFRS). This shear wall is very famous apply in many structures. For conventional concrete frame system, shear wall is designed to function as a deep, thin vertical cantilevered beams members where it is robustly connected from the roof level onto the foundations level. While at the same time the insitu reinforcement concrete floor are designed in robust connection into the shear wall (vertical element) and performing the function as a horizontal diaphragms to transfer lateral loads to the vertical element and subsequently into the foundation. Please refer the below illustration of Diaphragm of Shear wall (Figure B), Shear Wall Action (Figure C), Diaphragm Action (Figure D) and For this 10 storey office building, it is design with a symmetrical floor layout and this layout makes it suitably to create few shear wall system. Moreover this shear wall design and its implementation will only involve some minor arrangement and structural design alteration, such as; alter the type of foundation, convert the existing wall element become vertical reinforcement concrete wall, change the floor system in order it must be robust enough and able to transfer the lateral force to the shear wall within the limit of design deflection. Similarly the design of the beam (underneath at open space area) must be rigidly tied into the supporting shear walls make sure the lateral load can efficiently for transfer to the foundation. With the above alteration the whole shear wall will be formed (refer layout plan grid line A-B/3-6 F-G/3-6) and this new created system not only carries vertical load but it floor system acting as a diaphragm to transfer the lateral loads to this shear wall and then transfer those load to the foundation efficiently. With this alternative design the building height will able to achieve 30 storeys and maximum to achieve 35 storeys height. Besides, through this approach the overall building concept will be remained unchanged. B) Introduction of Frame Using Vertical Trusses, Belt Trusses and /or Outrigger Trusses This concept is development from the earlier shear wall. The purpose of this design is to provide a vertical truss call Outrigger Trusses where it is robustly connected to the perimeter column/exterior column with the purpose to form a much stiffer structure at external column and enables it to resist greater wind forces or other form of lateral load, as well as the resistant of gravity load. In addition the Belt Trusses will be built and it is functioning in wrapping through the perimeter column at the same level as the outrigger trusses to further stiffen of the structure. This design is suitable in apply to amend this building height into 10 storey. The Figure E and Figure F below shown two diagrams to illustrate the concept of this vertical trusses, belt trusses and outrigger trusses. In order to apply this concept in this project, the perimeter building column (facade column) will be tied by using beam act as outrigger trusses and robustly connected to central core (also act as shear wall). Through this alternative frame solution the whole structure will act as a large system will enabling a structure approximately 25% stiffer than a original structure solely relying on a shear truss or shear wall system while without changing the floor plan arrangement. Figure F shown how the outrigger truss combine with shear wall to further enhance this whole building structure to resist lateral forces. C) Introduction of Tube System and Bundle Tube System The tube system has been the most efficient structural system used for tall building. This tube approach creates a 3 dimensional system (Refer Figure G). This system can be formed by using the conventional frame system where the external columns around the perimeter of the building are designed in much closer together. Subsequently, these columns around the corners of the four building facades are tied robustly with short beam and will form a continuity system around all four facades and effectively create a structure similar to a huge box section that cantilevers from the foundation to the top of the building. This structural system capable in resisting lateral forces in any direction as in principle a Box section has inherent strength. This tube system is appropriate to adopt in order to increase this building height to 30 storeys. From this building existing layout design (in term of shape) it is suitably to form a Tube shape. Therefore, according to this tube system design criteria, the perimeter column (facade column) of this building will be placed much closer (Refer Figure H) and tied robustly by beam surrounded the four facades of the building and become more stiffened. This will enable the whole structure act as a whole system to resist the lateral force as well as functioning to transfer the gravity load to the foundation. The advantages of this tubes system is it is allow fewer interior columns, and so create more usable floor space. In addition the above propose tube system can wisely interconnected or combine act as a whole with the existing tube frames, i.e. two number of lift core and the alternative proposed new shear walls (position at grid line A-B/3-6 F-G/3-6), to create and perform another approach call bundle tube system. Through this combination a stronger structure will be created and efficiently to resist the lateral forces and gravity loads. The Figure F illustrate the bundle tube system and through this integrate structural frame it is definitely will become more efficiently to resists lateral loads or sway force cause by wind. As a conclusion, with the above solution of alternative frame design (i.e shear walls, vertical trusses, belt trusses and Outrigger Trusses, tube system). This building will be able to increase to 30 storey height with any one of the above single alternative frame design. However it is advisable to combine those approaches by looking at the advantages and permission of this existing symmetrical building layout with the objective to resists significant lateral loads or sway force (cause by wind), as well as cope efficiently with the gravity loads (vertical load). Moreover theses combination will not cause many changes in terms of the original design and the building concept. References: Chew, Y L M., Construction Technology for Tall Buildings (2nd Edition), Construction Technology 5, Heriot-Watt University Brick Industry Association, Technical Notes 24C-The Contemporary Bearing Wall, Introduction To Shear Wall Design, (Sept./Oct.1970)(Reissued May 1988) www.gobrick.com Tall Building Structures Analysis And Design, By Bryan Stafford Smith, Alex Coull) Introduction Double skin facades is very popular apply in many European cities. This wall system is attractive due to its characteristic such as durability, ecology, greener technology, aesthetical viewing and etc. This double skin facade able to provide natural ventilation into a building space and also can reduce energy consumption. These double skin facades sometimes also referred to as a building in building. Definitions This wall system can be define as a traditional single facade doubled inside or outside by a second, essentially glazed facade. Each of these two facades is commonly called a skin. Each of the facade skin can be constructed by various different combinations of materials, commonly by two skin of glazed. However, it is also popular to apply an outer layer of glass used together with a solid inner skin. The area between the two skins can call ventilated cavity or air space. It is purposely in such designed for vertical air circulation purposes. The ventilated cavity between the two skins can be in various widths, normally range from as narrow as several centimetres to as wide as several metres (in order to form accessible cavities). The cavity width will influence the way that the facade is maintained. This air circulation space can be used in many different functions, but in the simplest analysis, the air will be drawn into the building by applying the circulation utilises stack effect , so that a natural ventilation effect will be created for the internal space of the building. However, this cavity space in some other design can be consists of fan supported or mechanically ventilated. A) Natural Ventilation The design of exterior part of the skin forming a protective shield for the building and through the circulation utilises stack effect the natural air will be drawn into the internal space of the building, so that a natural ventilation effect will be created. Therefore, the interior comfort would not be affected even though the windows maintain open throughout the whole day. B) Promote Greener Technology The natural ventilation for high-rise conditions relatively will reduce air-conditioning loads and thus will minimise the CO2 output produced during the building operational phase. According to the research, carried out by Franklin Andrews, Professor Michael Wigginton of the University of Plymouth and Battle McCarthy, who represent the United Kingdom Department of Environment, Transport and Regions has shown that double skin buildings when compared to advanced single skin building are capable to reduce 50% of CO2 emissions within the cold temperate climate prevalent in the United Kingdom. C) Better acoustic insulation-improve noise protection Besides improved the noise protection, this double skin facade are capable to gain an excellent acoustic insulation magnitude even though under the windows open condition. The magnitude of the acoustic insulation is equal to that obtained in classical glass facade with the windows closed condition. D) Reducing heating energy requirement The air stored in the cavity between the two skins would be heated by the sun rays especially in winter time. Thus improving both the heat-insulating functions of the facade and its thermal performance and subsequently will reducing the heating costs. E) Reducing cooling energy requirement Double skin facade can allow for nigh-time cooling of the interior building with make the window in open during night time and thereby lessening cooling loads of the buildings HVAC system. Thus especially, apply during summer time the night cooling can cut down the building energy consumption particularly the costs of air-conditioning in the summer. F) Exploiting solar power Both energy consumption and costs are possible to reduce by utilize the suns energy particularly with the incorporation of photovoltaic glass. By this method, the air stored inside the cavity will be heat by the solar rays and reduce the energy consumption. G) Increased Natural Daylighting The double skin facade will improves the access of natural light transmission into the building space and thus will produce a better indoor comfort and give positive effect to occupants health and as well as increase the productivity of office personnel. Physically with this increased natural daylighting will cause a significant reduce in the amount of electrical lighting required because the quality of light from natural daylight is more preferential to electrical lighting. H) Fire Escape For some of the widest cavities (normally width range from 600mm to maximum 2m), located between the two skins will be able to provide a fire escape during fire occur. Therefore, with this back up emergency escape will enable the fire brigade to save more life during there is fire to the building. Conclusion The above have indicated the benefit of double skin facade wall and make it gain a lot of popularity throughout the world. References: Construction Technology 5, Heriot-Watt University Franklin Andrews, Professor Michael Wigginton of the University of Plymouth and Battle McCarthy www.glassinbuilding.com/double_skin_facades Coursework Unit 6 (b) The technical challenges that would need to overcome to produce a double skin facade for this building are as below; 1) Overheating challenges The overheating problem may happen especially on warm day where hot air will collects and emerge at the top air space and this may cause the top floor offices suffer due to this overheating issue cause by this accumulation of hot air in the cavity. Therefore, technically approach to overcome this problem is to design the air space. There are two type of air space, undivided air space, and divided air space. The undivided air space will has advantage from the stack effect. On warm days hot air collects at the top of the air space and with the appropriate openings at the top of the cavity, thus will siphon out warm air and at the same time the replacement of cooler air is draw in from the outside. The benefit of divided air space design is it can reduce over-heating particularly on upper floors. It is also can reduce noise, fire and smoke transmission within the division. Moreover, this floor-by-floor divisions add construction simplicity of a repeating unit and in turn can produce economic savings. From the above, indicate that both air space using the natural physics principals (hot air rises) to draw air upward. We need to highlight that the second type; i.e. divided air space by floor is practically apply for fire protection and sound transmission purposes. 2) Maintenance Challenges 2.1 Cleaning Although some of the building which is use the fully glazed double skin facade to achieve an aesthetical pleasing view but its maintenance is critical in terms of cleaning process. The air space need to be cleaned more frequently because this area is tend to emerge of dust particles which is circulates quickly during the ventilation process. From an research carried out by Terri Meyer, Associate Professor, school of Architecture, University of Waterloo indicate that glazed double skin facade need to carried out full cleaning regularly from 2 to 4 times a year. Therefore, the air spaces design criteria need to consider the imparts of cleaning especially for the continuous cavity. Similarly, others barrier elements such as louvers placed within the cavity must be removable in order to facilitate access during cleaning process. Normally a device called bosuns chair platform which is similar to the window washing rig is used to access the interior space of cavity for cleaning purposes. In some double skin facade design an open grates will be put at floor by floor or at particular place act as the cleaner standing platform and without affected the airflow design. For divided air space or cavity, normally the interior windows will function as the access panels for In some instances, where the cavity is more divided, the interior windows, whether operable maintenance purposes. Therefore the design of air space need a consideration to provide an adequate space for maintenance purposes besides the ventilation functionality. The interior clear dimension for air space is usually range from 600 to 900 mm. 2.2 Replacement of Deteriorate Mechanical Part The high-tech mechanic which is incorporated for the functioning of double skin facade (particularly in ventilation process) tend to have a higher failure rate and repair cost. The same mechanics also necessitate higher replacement costs. For instances, the replacement of wiring after a certain number of years. Therefore, a preventive checking is need to carry out frequently in order to detect any mechanical problem in an earlier stage before its give a negative impact onto the ventilation system. Besides, a proper data record and operation manual on those relevant mechanic device also need to be keep properly. Through this data any cases of malfunction of mechanic device would be able to find the direct causes and the solution can be carry out as soon as possible as well as in finding the suitable spare part replacement within a shorter period of time. 3) Control of Natural Ventilation For high-rise building with double skin facade, normally will found a problem on how to control and maintain its natural ventilation (here mean the quality of air) to its occupant. The area between the double skin facade in principle is not affected by high velocity wind because this area have been protected by the exterior skin. Therefore, this region typically will access by the inhabitants for natural ventilation and this will cause some unexpected impact of sound, smoke, noise or heat transfer over this zone either from one section, level or room to the proximity area. In order to eliminates these impact efficiently normally this buffer zone will be propose in compartmentalize design and separate into regions with air supplied by grilles or vents at the individual zone or each level. Then with the use of vents or grilles allows for the control of the incoming air by reducing air velocity, as well as protecting from the rain and reducing the noise transmission from the exterior. R egular cleaning process also need to be carried out in order to make sure that the ventilated air is always in good quality such as out of dust particle. Hence, high-rise building is essentially need to plan and implement this control in order all its occupant will be provide with a natural ventilation. 4) Fire Regulation Although the air space between the skins can be use for fire escape but the fire regulation might cause difficulties if no extra attention is provided. Therefore, for safety measured a proper indication of fire escape route have to provide and place at suitable location at each floor. 5) Reduce of Space As mentioned earlier the width of the cavity can be formed from few centimetres until few meters. So, this will cause some reduce in the building usable space. Therefore, it is significant to find the optimum cavity width in order to gain an optimum office space in this building. 6) Climate In some European country the double skin facade will face the climate issue such as humidity. For those double skin facade associate with the passive design strategies, (i.e. thermal mass) and radiant (hydronic) system , the condensation control will become an issue. Therefore, this critical factor need to be solved in order it would not give a negative comfort effect inside the building. This problem can be technically solved by adopting condensation control through the appropriated mechanical ventilated system, i.e. extract air system. This system normally apply for location where the natural ventilation is not possible (due to it locations inherent with high noise, wind and fume). Through this system the fresh air will be supply by HVAC and it is precludes the natural ventilation. These systems tend not to reduce energy requirements as fresh air changes must be supplied mechanically. In addition, the occupants are advisable not to adjust the temperature even though belong to their individual spaces. However, the priority consideration will still be put on the potential use of natural ventilation. For instances, to come out a desirable hours of natural ventilation scheduled through the utilisation computerise control system can achieve this objective. 7) HVAC Technically Design The HVAC will play a major role for the building where the natural ventilation is not suitable due to its negative climate conditions. Therefore, in cases the functionality of a HVAC system will become a significant point and it will give an impact onto the building ventilation system. So, in order to solve that problem, during the earlier design process need to fully integrates architectural and mechanical concerns is need to fully integrates during the earlier design process. By this earlier stage planning will able to achieve a smooth functioning of HVAC system. In economical point of view it will less costly and it is a wise planning because the cost saving figure is enough to compensate for the construction cost of the second facade. 8) Solar Heat Gain This point come to the issue of excessive of the incoming solar radiation above the comfort level especially in the summer time. So, in order to maintain solar heat gain under a standard design level is by preventing the heat from initially entering the space. Particularly for a highly full glazed building, normally an external shading devices are the most efficient means of reducing solar heat gain. However, this external shading devices need to be cleaned frequently in order its can function effectively. In the other approach is to use the special glazing such as spectally selective glazing and where this glazing materials is able to respond differently to various wavelengths of solar energy or in other means is to permit visible light while rejecting unnecessary invisible infrared heat. An ideal spectrally selective glazing permits only the art of the suns energy which is useful for daylighting. Another type of glass called electrochomic glass also able to improve the solar performance. The type of glass able to change its colour from clear to dark using electrical current. The electrical current can be activated in two ways, either by manually activated or by sensor reaction to the light intensity. In physic principle dark colour glass will reduce solar transmission into the building. Adversely when it is little sunlight, the glass will perform brightens in order to permit more suns ray into the building and minimized usage of artificial light. Both of the above mentioned materials is very practically apply for the full glazed double skin high rise building. Besides, the application of horizontal blind can permit use of daylighting and at the same time still can achieve the exterior view and it is a more economic approaches. 9) DSF Self Loading Transfer. This double skin facade (DSF) especially full glazed type, is unable to take its own load. Therefore, the dead load and imposed load of skins have to transferred to the adjacent structural wall and frames. Therefore, the design of structural wall and frames need to consider to carry the facade skins loading. 10) Installation Process Challenges His installation process is difficult especially for full glazed double skins facade because it is tough to work with the increase of the building height. Also encounter near misses and possibility of the hazard of falling. Besides the wind gust is always a question of safety to its installer. Moreover the are only limited movements in the working place. Therefore, the design of open grates to put at floor by floor to act as the installer standing platform is advisable and can ease the installation process. Conclusion From the above, we have analysed the possible technical challenges of the double skin facade for this propose 10 storey of office. Therefore, the project design team need to consider that technical challenges during the earlier stage of design in order to come out a proper and efficient double skin facade building design in terms of aesthetical pleasing and maintenance capability. References: Construction Technology 5, Heriot-Watt University Terri Meyer, Associate Professor, school of Architecture, University of Waterloo www.glassinbuilding.com/double_skin_facades

Connection to the World

A male Emperor penguin struggles to keep his egg warm as the harsh, icy, wind blows around him on the vast icy tundra. A group of penguins huddled at his back are struggling to do the same as they wait for their female mates to return from a two month hunting trip. The scene then switches to a news reporter speaking on the Issue of North Korea and the recent threats to attack the U. S. With nuclear-tipped missiles. If not through television, how else would a regular person witness the majesty of the emperor penguin on a snowy tundra or learn of the threats coming room North Korea?Not all people have Internet, but most do have cable television. Television Is more beneficial than harmful In that It offers entertainment and a respite for the everyday hardworking person and a safe way experience certain life situations. Television Is educational, circulates Information, and provides relaxation. The first reason television Is beneficial Is because It can be educational. Children's shows t oday prove statement. For example, shows Like Dora the Explorer and IN Hay Kale-Lana are teaching the younger generation new foreign languages such as Spanish ND Chinese.From my own personal experience working at a pediatrician's office where the television was constantly playing shows like In Hay Kaolin and from sitting there with it playing in the background for so long, I ended up learning a lot of words in Mandarin and I wasn't even paying attention. How much more can children learn when they actually are interested and watching? In addition to teaching younger children other languages shows like Sesame Street, teach children the basics in our own English language, colors and letters.In fact, most cartoon shows roved â€Å"life lessons† through their stories varying from â€Å"don't lie† to teaching a child the value of friends and family. Another great example is the show Wishbone. This show gets children familiar with famous literature or folklore. Wishbone was a television show which aired from 1995 to 1998 that featured a Jack Russell Terrier. The main character, a talking dog named Wishbone, lives with his owner Joe Tallboy in the fictional modern town of Cockade, Texas.As he tends to daydream about being the lead character of stories from classic literature, drawing parallels between the Tories and events in the lives of Joe and his friends, he was known as â€Å"the little dog with a big imagination†. The show follows his daydreams, as Wishbone acts out a famous story from literature or folklore. † However, television isn't educational just for the younger crowd; shows for adults have become more complex and Intricate. Television series shows today require a lot more attention and are more cognitively demanding than they once were.To understand the a majority of the television shows today, one would have to make Inferences and follow multiple story lines and rack shifting social relationships. In Dalton to Glenn our minds a little â€Å"exercise†, television allows the everyday person to safely witness and experience a multitude of life experiences they normally wouldn't be able to which In turn, teaches. There are also educational shows such as National Geographic, which allows people to see and learn about other places In the world they normally would not have been able to afford to visit themselves.But Animal Planet and National Geographic aren't the only beneficial channels: network teen dramas can serve as a free sex-deed lesson for teens. N unintended pregnancy said they would be more likely to practice safe sex, a study from the University of California Santa Barbara found. This is an example of being able to witness and in a way, experience a life situation safely with no sacrifice. Television isn't Just educational; it's a way of effectively circulating information. Television is a medium of mass communication.Through news channels such as CNN and FOX news, the public is made aware of situations and politics from around the world. It allows people to become involved and aware of other cultures. However, those traditional news channels do hold back information at times due to professional constraints and what is or isn't appropriate. In his essay â€Å"Fake† News versus â€Å"Real† News as Sources of Political Information, Jeffrey Jones provides evidence to prove that mainstream Journalism is in a state of crisis such as the fact that the mainstream news media is in a certain agreement with the government on what to and not to release to the public.The authenticity of the content is questionable because a majority of the information is manipulated. Late night talk shows, otherwise known as â€Å"fake† news shows, such as The Daily Show makes certain unreleased video clips relevant by pointing out how to interpret and read a person through them. For example one video clip of former president George W. Bush showed his tendency to lie, or in ano ther video clip showed Seeker's inability to commit to anything. I do agree that these videos hold relevance and that no information should be withheld from the public.Finally, in addition to being educational and circulating news, television provides relaxation and respite from hectic everyday life. It's a small mental getaway, of sorts, when a real vacation is not affordable (whether the currency is time or money). It is a way to relax without being bored. Like I mentioned before, television allows people to safely experience and witness certain situations. For instance, under normal circumstances would a person get a chance to witness and be part of a zombie apocalypse?One would hope not, but the exhilaration and entertainment a television show like The Walking Dead can provide, without being harmed is priceless. It's a chance to space out for a while and be in another world. Many people know of the excitement one feels when a new episode of a favorite television is being release d, it almost feels like a holiday when that Joyous moment arises where all the questions from the previous episode are answered. It's a time where people can forget their problems and be part of another world.Television cable series shows are getting more and more popular these days, for instance Showtime Dexter was able to draw in 2. 4 million viewers for the premiere of its seventh season, Hobo's Troubled with nearly 5. 1 million viewers who tuned in for the premiere of the third season, Mac's Breaking Bad with a total of 3. Million viewers for the premiere of the fifth season, and many more popular television series are cable television shows On the physical level, studies have shown that people who were watching TV reported feelings passive and relaxed.The EGG studies show less mental stimulation, as measured by alpha brainwave production, during viewing than during reading. In Cubebs article â€Å"Television Addiction is No Mere Metaphor†, he mentions â€Å"a body at re st tends to stay at rest† (124) However, the sense of relaxation ends when the set is turned off, but the feelings of passivity and ordered alertness continue. Enough credit for all its benefits. It can teach, inform and entertain. It's a method of getting away from the world for a little while. In addition it helps us all connect to each other.

Social Influence and the Branch Davidians

Social Influence And The Branch Davidians Abstract I examined compliance gaining strategies used by David Koresh to influence his followers. His claim to be Jesus Christ himself, and his promise to grant his followers eternal life, was highly effective in obtaining his followers compliance. I examined the Branch Davidian’s response to David Koresh’s influence. I observed their willingness to surrender their basic human needs, personal safety, and that of their children. Compliance-gaining strategies used by the Alcohol Tobacco and Firearms (ATF) agents during the 1993 siege at the Branch Davidian compound were also examined. Social Influence and The Branch Davidians David Koresh used various compliance gaining strategies to gain the allegiance of his followers who according to Time. com (1993) were also known as the Branch Davidians. His followers responded with compliance, ultimately arming themselves in a standoff at their compound in Waco Texas, against the Bureau of Alcohol Tobacco and Firearms. The ATF then used compliance gaining strategies in a failed attempt to end the standoff peacefully. David Koresh used methods such as moral appeal, promises, and threats as compliance gaining strategies. It could be considered immoral for a religious person to choose to oppose God, therefore a moral appeal was a highly effective compliance gaining strategy for Koresh to use. Time. com (1993) wrote that Koresh taught his followers saying, â€Å"if the Bible is true, then I’m Christ. † He was appealing to their desire to be moral people who obey the requests of their Lord and Savior. Relentlessly delivering scriptures to his followers was another form of moral appeal. Koresh implored their compliance by appealing to their moral commitment to obey the scriptures of the Bible. Koresh realized that his followers would accept the logic that moral people do not disobey the Bible. Time. com (1993) wrote that David Koresh quoted the Bible (Revelation 2, English Standard Version) saying â€Å"Do not fear what you are about to suffer†¦Be faithful unto death, and I will give you the crown of life. † Koresh was using a strategy known as â€Å"promise† (Alberts, 2009, p. 11), to gain compliance. Koresh was promising his followers that, just as the Bible foretold, their actions would indeed be rewarded. Koresh used the threat of war as a compliance gaining strategy. He convinced his followers that they would eventually have to prove their allegiance to him by waging war against the enemy. If they were going to be prepared for the impending war, it would be necessary for them to watch movies that prepared them mentally for war. They would also have to participate in military style training, in order to ensure their victory over their enemies. Koresh convinced his followers that the presence of the ATF at their compound was indeed the sign that the war that they were expecting was upon them. David Koresh’s followers responded to compliance gaining strategies with compliance, obedience, and conformity. Females of the group showed compliance by marrying David Koresh and by allowing their daughters to marry him as well. Their tendency to comply may have been because they perceived Koresh as having the authority to demand these unions. Another possibility is that their commitment to the group necessitated consistency in their actions in support of the group. This would require that they comply with all demands made upon group members. Group members conformed to the explicit rules of the group. According to Time. com (1993), Koresh proclaimed, â€Å"all the women in the world belonged to him and only he had the right to procreate. † Therefore, the explicit rules of the group dictated that David Koresh had a right to sleep with any woman in the group. Group members conformed to implicit rules of the group as well. Its members did not question David Koresh’s authority. Koresh instructed his followers to ready themselves for war by training for it. So group members displayed obedience to his demands by participating in what Time. com (1993) reported as â€Å"military style drills† in preparation for war. David Koresh’s followers displayed obedience when they armed themselves against police at their compound in Waco, Texas. The bureau of Alcohol Tobacco and Firearms used â€Å"liking† (Alberts, 2009, p. 11) as a compliance gaining strategy during the standoff with David Koresh and his followers. This strategy proved to be effective at times and ineffective at other times. Time. com (1993) reported that ATF agents used a â€Å"respectful† approach. This approach to gain compliance was initially successful and it resulted in the release of twenty-one children and sixteen adults. However, because the ATF used this strategy excessively, it lost its effectiveness and ultimately it garnered a response in opposition to the previous response. According to Time. com (1993), Koresh ultimately responded with disdain and mockery to repeated attempts by the ATF to use respect as a strategy to gain his compliance. The ATF’s failure to achieve compliance with requests that the group members exit the compound resulted in the deaths of the very people that they were attempting to protect. The compound, set ablaze, claimed the lives of numerous Branch Davidians. Compliance gaining strategies can be highly effective. Unfortunately, in addition to positive results, these strategies can produce negative results as well. Compliance gaining strategies, when effective can lead to a person’s freedom from hostile captors. However, failed attempts at these strategies can also result in the death of many people. Compliance, obedience, and conformity can lead to a willingness to make choices that society at large would deem reprehensible. These types of social influence can cause a mother to neglect her maternal instincts and willingly put her children in dangerous life-threatening situations. Compliance can be a formidable weapon against a perceived threat. References Alberts, J. PhD, Ayers, J. PhD, Busha, R. PhD, & Holtz, M. M. A. (2009). Interpersonal Effectiveness. Rancho Cucamonga: Channel Custom Gibbs, N. (May, 1993) Oh My God, They’re Killing Themselves! Time. com, 2, 5. Retrieved from http://www. time. com/time/daily/newsfiles/waco/050393. html Lacayo, R. (March, 1993). Cult of Death: Holed up in a Texas fortress, David Koresh and his followers fervently believe he is Christ – till death do them part. Time. com, 1, 3, 4. Retrieved from http://www. time. com/time/daily/newsfiles/waco/031593. html

Financial Analysis Financial Management - 1125 Words

According to Buchbinder Shanks (2012, p. 204), cash budget defined as â€Å"the necessary step that allows the organization to determine how to optimize the value of the cash being generated by its operations. More interestingly, this also defined as a forecast of cash inflows, cash outflows and net lending and borrowing needs for the months ahead†. From the point of what I understand the discussed definition of a cash budget, it looks like similar to operating budget however, there is a certain difference. A cash budget is simply a forecast of the operating budget. It looks both cash inflows and outflows as well as lending and borrowing needs in an organization. Managerial accounting provides financial data for an†¦show more content†¦188). Therefore, utilizing these departments as starting point to analyze the budget process of the Happy Town Neurology is important because they provide me both the accounting function and management of financial assets. It seems po ssible that I could get an overall understanding when creating cash budget for the upcoming fiscal year. Cash flow forecasts aim to predict future financial liquidity over a specific period of time. Generally, forecasts are made using about five years’ worth of historical data. Getting started with creating cash flow forecasts may want to consider starting with short-term forecasts. Short-term cash flow forecasting is based on actual cash receipt and disbursement data (Lohrey, n.d). With that being said, I would go back to the last five years to see how the cash budget has transformed over the years to guide me on what to expect for the upcoming fiscal year. I will work on cash inflows and outflows for the specified years to accurately analyze what was undergone in the operating budget. Again, in order to accomplish this, I may utilize some of the personnel indicated and departments as well. After I collect all the necessary information from the important personnel and depa rtments that available for the past five-year budget, I will evaluate them accordingly and with a careful attention given to cash inflow and outflows. Initially, I will insist on forecasting cash