Solution Focused Therapy

Solution Focused Therapy Therapists, who rely on solution focused therapy, emphasise the role of exceptions or the situations when a person managed to cope with a problem that usually seemed insurmountable. Moreover, these practitioners lay stress on the idea that a patient has the strength to overcome such difficulties on a regular basis.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Solution Focused Therapy specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This paper includes the discussion of a video that exemplifies the main techniques included in solution focused therapy. In particular, this video shows how a practitioner can help a person control the outbursts of anger. The task of this professional is to assist an individual in changing his/her views on a certain difficulty. These are the main issues that can be distinguished. The principles of solution focused therapy were formulated by Insoo Kim Berg and Steve de Shazer (Sharry, 2007, p. 132). This method is aime d at helping clients discover the way in which their difficulties can be overcome. This paper will explore the role of exceptions in this method. In particular, exceptions can be viewed as those situations when a person was able to cope with his/her challenges. Apart from that, much attention should be paid to the amplification of exceptions. In other words, a therapist should highlight the idea that small successes can be transformed into a norm. To some degree, this discussion will be based on the role-playing video illustrating a hypothetical interaction between a patient and a therapist. Overall, this video can give viewers deeper insight into the use of solution focused therapy.  It is important to mention that solution focused therapy is based on the assumption â€Å"that are always exceptions to the problems† (Sharry, 2007, p. 39). In other words, there are situations when a person is able to overcome a certain difficulty. There are various factors that can influence the behavior of individuals and their relations with other people. More importantly, in many cases, people forget about such situations. Furthermore, they do not analyse them (Sharry, 2007, p. 39). This is why they often feel helpless. In turn, the task of a practitioner is to urge people to recollect such cases. In part, this principle is reflected in the video. It should be mentioned, a patient is a woman who has problems with anger management (Loveland, 2012). So, she often quarrels with her husband. The practitioner asked her to remember those cases when she did not lose her temper (Loveland, 2012).Advertising Looking for essay on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Furthermore, he encouraged her to think about the reasons why she was able to control her emotions. Overall, it is possible to argue that this discussion is the first step to identifying solutions to the challenges faced by people. Thus, pati ents’ perceptions can change.  Apart from that, solution focused therapy involves the need to â€Å"amplify the exceptions† (Sharry, 2007, p. 39). In other words, one should encourage a person to think about those qualities that are useful for addressing a certain problem. Moreover, a patient can be asked to speak about his/her experiences on such occasions. This discussion is very important because it demonstrates that a certain problem can be resolved. This approach has been exemplified in this video. For instance, the patient mentioned deep breathing that often prevented her from venting her spleen on other people (Loveland, 2012). Moreover, they talked about such a method as counting from one to ten. The amplification of exceptions is necessary because it makes an individual feel more confident. Furthermore, the feeling of helplessness does not affect an individual very strongly . One should keep in mind that the emphasis on exceptions can be useful for solving o ther problems. For instance, one can speak about work stress, conflicts with relatives and co-workers, or ineffective time management. So, this form of therapy has been used in different settings. This video highlights the importance of other techniques; for instance, the therapist relied on the so-called â€Å"miracle questions† which prompted person to imagine that every problem had been effectively addressed (Sharry, 2007, p. 39; Loveland, 2012). This approach highlighted the idea that it would be easy to overcome a certain problem. Overall, this questioning technique has been rather helpful. Admittedly, one should remember that it is only a role-playing video illustrating a hypothetical interaction between a patient and a practitioner. In real life, therapists may not face considerable challenges. For instance, it may be difficult for a person to recollect those cases when a certain challenge was effectively overcome. Apart from that, he/she can be very irritated. Neverth eless, this strategy chosen by the practitioner can be applied in various setting if a therapist displays empathy for a person. Overall, this discussion indicates that exceptions play an important role in solution focused therapy. They are vital for showing that a patient has the strength to cope with a specific challenge. Many people are adversely affected by the lack of confidence. In turn, one should change people’s views on their difficulties.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Solution Focused Therapy specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More So, it is important to explore those cases when an individual could address a certain psychological problem or at least reduce its impacts. The chosen video exemplifies the main peculiarities of this technique. It seems that this approach can benefit patients who may encounter various difficulties. Reference List Loveland, D. (Executive Producer). (2012, Apr. 11). Solution Focu sed Brief Therapy  (SFBT) Demonstration [Video file]. Sharry, J. (2007). Solution-Focused Groupwork. New York, NY: SAGE.

WATCH How to choose the right career path for you

WATCH How to choose the right career path for you Do we choose our careers or are they chosen for us?   Often simple fate determines where we spend our professional lives, but tech entrepreneur and former Chief Operating Officer of Duo Security Zack Urlocker believes it’s imperative that we consciously choose our own path.

Foundations for Cultural Competence in Arab Culture Case Study

Foundations for Cultural Competence in Arab Culture - Case Study Example A vaginal examination would enable the doctors and nurses to obtain vaginal samples that can be used in the diagnosis. The mother insists that the doctors and nurses should only give prescriptions without the examination, an opinion that contradicts with nursing standards of practice, as well as the definition of evidence-based practice. This paper will describe the best course of action for the nurse. The nurse should demonstrate understanding of Mrs. Nasser’s views and convictions concerning the issue at hand. Evidently, Mrs. Nasser’s concerns have a strong basis because if the virginity of the daughter is under compromise, it can destroy her life, making her a social reject. Therefore, the nurse should reassure Mrs. Nasser that her concerns are worth proper consideration. However, the nurse should also explain that prescription without diagnosis poses serious health risks and that it is unacceptable (Purnell, 2013). The nurse should elaborate the possibility of carrying out a vaginal exam that does compromise the virginity of the young girl. The nurse should depict a high level of understanding while giving Mrs. Nasser and her daughter the reassurance they need. Notably, nurses play a critical role in helping patients understand the available treatment procedures and choices. Moreover, nurses should provide patients and their family members with the emotional suppo rt required so that they can be willing to accept the available treatment options. Finally, nurses should prove to be highly culturally competent. Nurses should be able to exhibit culturally congruent behaviors and attitudes when delivering care to different communities. In this case, the nurse should demonstrate respect for the Arab culture. In addition, the nurse should have the required skills to carry out a culturally congruent assessment in order to determine the underlying beliefs and the opinions of both Mrs. Nasser and her daughter (Songwathana & Siriphan, 2015).

Kant and the Simpson Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Kant and the Simpson - Essay Example The fulfillment of our desires is easier than the fulfillment of our goals. The Simpsons often emphasize the clash among the goals and wishes. A lot of episodes tell us that the Simpsons are better. In â€Å"dumbbell indemnity†, Homer is shown to have the ability to rationalize his desires while consulting moral duties. He is asked by his friend Moe to destroy his car so that Moe can get the insurance. Homer consults his conscience and decides to do it. This teaches us how not to act. In â€Å"war of Simpsons† when Homer deliberately hurts his wife, due to which she takes him to a marriage counseling session at cat fish lake, he is persuaded by the thought of General Sherman, a fish, to go fishing but in the end he renounces fame for family and frees the fish. In this way he prefers moral deeds on his desires. Flanders was also at the counseling session because his wife had underlined in his bible. As opposite to Moe, Flanders had no personal wants. In â€Å"Viva Ned Flanders†, Flanders hires Homer to teach him how to live and that gives a disastrous Drunken Double Marriage in Las Vegas. Homer has a desire for his personal life while Flanders is deep into m orality. Bart is a devilish boy just like his father. In â€Å"Bart’s girlfriend†, Bart is in love with the minister’s daughter, Jessica. Adversely, Jessica is only interested in him because she sees him as his partner in the theft from the collection basket. When she steals from the basket, Bart tries to convince her that it is wrong but instead he gets caught which makes him to return to his cunning. In another episode â€Å"Bart the mother†, Bart incidentally kills a mother bird but feels so guilty that he decides to take care of the orphan eggs which, unfortunately come out to be banned bird eating lizards. Although this was wrong but he gets fame because of it as they started eating the pigeons and the harvest was saved. Lisa, Bart’s sister tries to change his mind but he was too devious to listen to anyone. In â€Å"Reality Bites† Marge took up a job as an estate agent as a career to prove her values and abilities to herself and to sto p being taken granted by her family. The trouble is Marge sincerely wants to help her customers and is prepared to sacrifice her own interests for the sake of her perceived duty and she sticks to honesty in selling houses rather than falsehoods. But by the end of the story she learns that she can still do her duty for duty’s sake and still achieve her personal goals. No matter what others say but telling the truth do not always hurt. Lisa is a girl with a strong sense of moral duty. She can not tolerate things which are against proper ethical behavior and when ever she takes a stand for principles she has to suffer and she is forced to turn a blind eye towards it. In â€Å"Lisa stands up for principle† Lisa, while having a lamb chop in her meal, identifies that it is wrong to slaughter a defenseless animal. While fighting for her principles Lisa ruined homer’s barbecue party and is being shunned by her family. She then found refuge in the house of a Hindu store owner, Apu, where she met a new vegetarian family Paul and Linda. She finally thought that her ideas will be respected here but the mild reply which she got from Apu when she said that people can eat cheese made her realize that she was being arrogant and hard on many people. This accident created a mild and bearable sense of morality in Lisa. In â€Å"Lisa isolation† Lisa insisted on being enrolled in a military school with her brother Bart. As the first girl in the school Lisa felt very isolated even her brother

Rebecca Walker Short Biography Essay Example for Free

Rebecca Walker Short Biography Essay Rebecca Walker is a writer, philanthropist, feminist, and mother. She is the daughter of Alice Walker, who was also a famous feminist and writer. Growing up with a mother who was an active radical feminist heavily influenced her ideologies, although she states in her autobiography that she disagrees with many of Alice Walker’s more radical views. She has worked as a consultant on cultural diversity and gender roles for businesses like Sony, Microsoft, and JP Morgan. Rebecca Walker was born November 17, 1969 in Jackson Mississippi to Alice Walker and her husband Mel Leventhal, and Jewish American Lawyer. Her parents divorced when she was eight and she spent her childhood moving back and forth between her mothers home in San Francisco in a predominantly African American neighborhood and her Fathers home in New York in a Jewish neighborhood. While Walker was staying in San Francisco, she spent most of her time being looked after by relatives or neighbors because her mother was frequently away working in the feminist movement. Walker had the drive and determination to be able to receive an excellent education. She was able to receive an education at a private high school, the Urban School of San Francisco. She graduated from Yale University in 1992. In the same year, she helped found the Third Wave Foundation, a women’s leadership and activism organization. During her career as a writer, Walker has written in the subjects of gender roles, racism, sexism, politics, sexual orientation, and third wave feminism. In her autobiography Black, White, and Jewish: Autobiography of a Shifting Self she speaks about her parents’ divorce and how her bisexuality, and her biracial and bicultural heritage has affected her life. Walker had also been a contributor to several magazines and other publications. In her book To Be Real: Telling the Truth and Changing the Face of Feminism, Walker talks about her feminist views and call out her mother’s generation of feminists for â€Å"for denigrating men and encouraging women to seek independence whatever the cost to their families. † (Walker 1995). Walker became an active member of the feminist movement in 1992 shortly after she graduated from Yale. She helped co found the Third Wave Foundation Walker speaks at universities and conferences about multiculturalism, equality, intergenerational cooperation, and third–wave feminism. Walker says that the goal of third-wave feminism should not be to raise women above men, as she said her mother believed should be done, but to seek true equality for all people. Her books explained that feminists also need to work towards equality for other people in need like victims of racial discrimination and those living in poverty. As an adult, Rebecca Walker became estranged from her mother. The two frequently disagreed over Rebecca’s ideologies, which were not as radical as her mother’s. In 2004, Rebecca and her partner Choyin Rangdrol, a Buddhist teacher, had their first son Tenzin when Rebecca was thirty five years old. In 2007, Walker published her book Baby Love: Choosing Motherhood After a Lifetime of Ambivalence. Walker encourages feminists to pay attention to their age and not to miss out on the opportunity to be a mother and states the fact that she regrets waiting so long herself, as she is now unable to have second child. She argues against radical feminist ideas that motherhood is a burden to women and instead calls it a blessing. Walker has received many awards for her writing and for her activism work. She has received the â€Å"Feminist of the Year† award, the â€Å"Woman of Distinction† award, and the â€Å"Women Who Could be President† award. Her autobiography Black, White, and Jewish: Autobiography of a Shifting Self was given the Alex Award by the American Library Association.

Fantasy in Theatre :: Fantasy Shakespeare Theatre Drama Essays

Fantasy in Theatre In preperation for our performance on the above subject, we firstly listened to several pieces of fantasy music as a guided visualisation in which we were asked to imagine going through different doors and to visualise what was behind them. This then inspired us to experiment with diferent stylistic devices to include in our performance. We were given two pieces of text that was goin to be the scope for our piece of Drama, they were: A Midsummer Night's Dream - A play by William Shakespeare. Era wise, there were no problems with using this, as Shakespeare is timeless and can be set in any period of history, including modern day. This particular play is set in the dream like world of fairies. The Lord of the fairies, Oberon, has an argument with his lover, Titiania, over a young boy she has adopted after the death of her waiting woman. Oberon wants her to hand over the child to him, Titania refuses. Oberon decides to send Puck to fetch a magic flower, the juice of which, dropped into Titanias' eyes will make her fall in love with the first thing she sees in order to trick her. He hopes that this will distract her so he can take the boy. The Jabberwocky - This is a poem written by Lewis Carroll (from Through the Looking-Glass and What Alice Found There, 1872) It tells of the defeat of a mythical monster. By reading the text, we can see that it doesn't really make much sense, but we can make some sense of the words by their sounds. In our group, we started discussing our ideas then looked at the two texts and fitted our ideas around them. In our performance, we decided to have good and evil involved, we had 2 dream masters and 4 other people. 2 of which were taken by the evil dream master who gave them nightmares, the other 2 were taken by the good dream master who fulfilled their fantasies. The 4 characters had there own dream, one wanted everything they asked for, another wanted to be an Indian, another wanted to remain popular and successful at school, and lastly the focal point was on the character who wanted to see her Mother again because she passed away. We used the idea out of 'A Midsummer Night's Dream' where Titania was put asleep, in our play,we also took the idea of having 2 dream masters from the characters Oberon and Puck. The dream master puts the 4 characters to sleep using his powers. The first 3 characters have there dream or fantasy then the girl who

Cold War in Guatemala

Guatemala is known for being one of the most dangerous countries in Central America; nevertheless, it is not its fault that it is the way it is. During the Cold War there were many factors involved and many events that led to the Guatemala of today. It all began with the election of Colonel Arbenz during the â€Å"Ten Years of Springtime† which ended because President Eisenhower was influenced by his connections to Guatemala ´s â€Å"state within a state,† (TWT) the United Fruit Company. His decision disrupted a prosperous time for the country and created a dictatorship that gave birth to an army that caused a civil war which lasted over thirty years.Followed by a genocide that has the worst human rights record; it marked the beginning of a totally different Central American country that is now scarred and has not yet fully recovered from this disastrous event. Sometimes actions are committed for the right reasons but in a wrong way; the United States did exactly that . They changed an entire nation for their own interest by having most of the country under the control of an American-owned business, and ended up destroying it slowly and painfully with the result of a genocide and a thirty-year civil war.On the other hand, the Soviet Union only stood aside and let the country’s communism be taken over. From 1945 to late 1954 there was a time of prosperity in Guatemala known as the â€Å"Ten Years of Springtime. † Juan Josà © Arà ©valo, who was the president at this time, began the period of enlightenment by establishing the nation ´s security system and health system. He also created a government bureau â€Å"to look at Mayan concerns† (TWT). He was followed by Colonel Jacobo Arbenz Guzman who won the elections of 1951.During this time, most of the land in Guatemala was controlled by the United Fruit Company which was an American-owned company that directed the other two big enterprises in the country, the International Ra ilway of Central America and Empress Electrica. Statistically speaking, seventy percent of the farm laborers and arable land were run by two percent of the landowners. One hundred sixty thousand acres of this territory were uncultivated so Arbenz came up with a land reform to redistribute these pieces of land to peasants, letting them have individually owned small farms.The company was compensated but it still disagreed with the reform even though they did not lose much money. The United Fruit Company not only owned land though, it also owned the telegraph and telephone system of the country and most of the railroad track; therefore, it was labeled the â€Å"state within a state† (TWT). Connections between this huge enterprise and the United States' government were really close, especially since so many members of both organizations had personal relationships with one another (TWT). This was the initial push towards American involvement in Guatemala.What actually convinced Pr esident Eisenhower to step in, was when â€Å"Nicaragua’s president, Anastasio Somoza, solicited U. S. assistance to overthrow Arbenz† (Cold War Museum). The country was labeled â€Å"communist† and under this excuse, the containment policy was put to action. Aid was sent to the Guatemalan Army, including CIA planes and a CIA army. Jacobo Arbenz Guzman was overthrown and fled to Cuba (TWT). After the intervention, Colonel Castillo Armas became the new president after being chosen by the United States, â€Å"ensuring the promotion of American interests in Guatemala† (Cold War Museum).The â€Å"Springtime† was over. After Armas, a succession of military dictatorships followed but, the economy of the country began to drop and the gap between rich and poor just got wider; guerrilla groups were beginning to appear. Since the 1960s, the CIA created links with the Guatemalan Army unit, also called the G-2, which killed thousands of Guatemalan civilians by having their own â€Å"torture centers and body dumps throughout Guatemala† (TWT). Public reports revealed that this army was the most repressive and in 1977, United States president Jimmy Carter cut off military aid (TWT).Argentina, Chile, and Israel continued to play a major role by supplying weapons, building munitions, and training the Guatemalan soldiers. A genocide, according to Merriam-Webster Dictionary, is â€Å"the deliberate and systematic destruction of a racial, political, or cultural group. † This event marked the 1980s for Guatemala. Violence was inevitable for the country, especially with an unstable government, a strong army, and a guerrilla group ready for a rebellion.The soldiers of the Guatemalan army called themselves a â€Å"killing machine† and they began a â€Å"systematic campaign of repression and suppression† (PPU) against the Mayan Indians, a guerrilla group that was part of the resistance. For two years, they were hunted down and murdered while the army’s perception of the Mayan communities only grew worse with time. Six hundred twenty-six villages were destroyed, or â€Å"disappeared†; children were beat against the walls and thrown down pits, men were tortured until death, and women were sexually abused and tortured at the same time. This became known as the â€Å"Silent Holocaust† (PPU).As a result, around 70,000 people died during this event and in the following years, from 1966 to 1990, an estimate of 200,000 murders occurred. There was almost a complete extermination of the Mayan communities (PPU). In 1986, â€Å"civilian rule and a new constitution were set up because, but the army held on its power because half a million Guatemalans were/are members of the army† (PPU). It took the Guatemalan leaders from both sides, the government and the resistance, five years to sign a peace agreement created by the United Nations to stop the thirty-year Civil War.In 1994, the Unite d Nations set up a human rights monitor in Guatemala called MINUGUA (TWT). MINUGUA highlighted many cases of torture and murder and came to the conclusion that human rights are violated on a daily basis. Guatemala today is still standing on the hope of a peace agreement that is still in progress. This peace agreement would also represent â€Å"democratic leadership, rights for indigenous people and displaced communities, demilitarization, constitutional reforms, an end to impunity, a Truth Commission, political participation, and attention to socio- economic issues such as land reform† (TWT).The United States can help Guatemala by stopping the aid they continue giving to the army (TWT), by supporting political and economic reform, and ending the war they have against the Guatemalan people. Today, there are still investigators looking for those who survived the genocide or were a part of it to continue to bring justice to the Guatemalan people for their incredible loss of live s many years ago. For example, just recently, General Efrain Rios Montt, who ruled Guatemala from 1982 to 1983, was just convicted to eighty years of prison for the genocide of his people (CNN).This is the first step the country of Guatemala has taken to move on from its horrible past. As is obvious, the Guatemalan country suffered greatly with the Cold War because of all the problems it created. The United States aided this country because of the containment policy at first but ended up supporting the army that caused the genocide, and eventually creating a civil war that lasted thirty years. Guatemala is doing much better in modern days, but it still has not fully recovered from such events that occurred in the past, a huge scar was left behind. Cold War in Guatemala Guatemala is known for being one of the most dangerous countries in Central America; nevertheless, it is not its fault that it is the way it is. During the Cold War there were many factors involved and many events that led to the Guatemala of today. It all began with the election of Colonel Arbenz during the â€Å"Ten Years of Springtime† which ended because President Eisenhower was influenced by his connections to Guatemala?s â€Å"state within a state,† (TWT) the United Fruit Company. His decision disrupted a prosperous time for the country and created a dictatorship that gave birth to an army that caused a civil war which lasted over thirty years.Followed by a genocide that has the worst human rights record; it marked the beginning of a totally different Central American country that is now scarred and has not yet fully recovered from this disastrous event. Sometimes actions are committed for the right reasons but in a wrong way; the United States did exactly that. T hey changed an entire nation for their own interest by having most of the country under the control of an American-owned business, and ended up destroying it slowly and painfully with the result of a genocide and a thirty-year civil war.On the other hand, the Soviet Union only stood aside and let the country’s communism be taken over. From 1945 to late 1954 there was a time of prosperity in Guatemala known as the â€Å"Ten Years of Springtime. † Juan Jose Arevalo, who was the president at this time, began the period of enlightenment by establishing the nation?s security system and health system. He also created a government bureau â€Å"to look at Mayan concerns† (TWT). He was followed by Colonel Jacobo Arbenz Guzman who won the elections of 1951.During this time, most of the land in Guatemala was controlled by the United Fruit Company which was an American-owned company that directed the other two big enterprises in the country, the International Railway of Cen tral America and Empress Electrica. Statistically speaking, seventy percent of the farm laborers and arable land were run by two percent of the landowners. One hundred sixty thousand acres of this territory were uncultivated so Arbenz came up with a land reform to redistribute these pieces of land to peasants, letting them have individually owned small farms.The company was compensated but it still disagreed with the reform even though they did not lose much money. The United Fruit Company not only owned land though, it also owned the telegraph and telephone system of the country and most of the railroad track; therefore, it was labeled the â€Å"state within a state† (TWT). Connections between this huge enterprise and the United States' government were really close, especially since so many members of both organizations had personal relationships with one another (TWT). This was the initial push towards American involvement in Guatemala.What actually convinced President Eise nhower to step in, was when â€Å"Nicaragua’s president, Anastasio Somoza, solicited U. S. assistance to overthrow Arbenz† (Cold War Museum). The country was labeled â€Å"communist† and under this excuse, the containment policy was put to action. Aid was sent to the Guatemalan Army, including CIA planes and a CIA army. Jacobo Arbenz Guzman was overthrown and fled to Cuba (TWT). After the intervention, Colonel Castillo Armas became the new president after being chosen by the United States, â€Å"ensuring the promotion of American interests in Guatemala† (Cold War Museum).The â€Å"Springtime† was over. After Armas, a succession of military dictatorships followed but, the economy of the country began to drop and the gap between rich and poor just got wider; guerrilla groups were beginning to appear. Since the 1960s, the CIA created links with the Guatemalan Army unit, also called the G-2, which killed thousands of Guatemalan civilians by having thei r own â€Å"torture centers and body dumps throughout Guatemala† (TWT). Public reports revealed that this army was the most repressive and in 1977, United States president Jimmy Carter cut off military aid (TWT).Argentina, Chile, and Israel continued to play a major role by supplying weapons, building munitions, and training the Guatemalan soldiers. A genocide, according to Merriam-Webster Dictionary, is â€Å"the deliberate and systematic destruction of a racial, political, or cultural group. † This event marked the 1980s for Guatemala. Violence was inevitable for the country, especially with an unstable government, a strong army, and a guerrilla group ready for a rebellion.The soldiers of the Guatemalan army called themselves a â€Å"killing machine† and they began a â€Å"systematic campaign of repression and suppression† (PPU) against the Mayan Indians, a guerrilla group that was part of the resistance. For two years, they were hunted down and murdere d while the army’s perception of the Mayan communities only grew worse with time. Six hundred twenty-six villages were destroyed, or â€Å"disappeared†; children were beat against the walls and thrown down pits, men were tortured until death, and women were sexually abused and tortured at the same time. This became known as the â€Å"Silent Holocaust† (PPU).As a result, around 70,000 people died during this event and in the following years, from 1966 to 1990, an estimate of 200,000 murders occurred. There was almost a complete extermination of the Mayan communities (PPU). In 1986, â€Å"civilian rule and a new constitution were set up because, but the army held on its power because half a million Guatemalans were/are members of the army† (PPU). It took the Guatemalan leaders from both sides, the government and the resistance, five years to sign a peace agreement created by the United Nations to stop the thirty-year Civil War.In 1994, the United Nations se t up a human rights monitor in Guatemala called MINUGUA (TWT). MINUGUA highlighted many cases of torture and murder and came to the conclusion that human rights are violated on a daily basis. Guatemala today is still standing on the hope of a peace agreement that is still in progress. This peace agreement would also represent â€Å"democratic leadership, rights for indigenous people and displaced communities, demilitarization, constitutional reforms, an end to impunity, a Truth Commission, political participation, and attention to socio- economic issues such as land reform† (TWT).The United States can help Guatemala by stopping the aid they continue giving to the army (TWT), by supporting political and economic reform, and ending the war they have against the Guatemalan people. Today, there are still investigators looking for those who survived the genocide or were a part of it to continue to bring justice to the Guatemalan people for their incredible loss of lives many years ago. For example, just recently, General Efrain Rios Montt, who ruled Guatemala from 1982 to 1983, was just convicted to eighty years of prison for the genocide of his people (CNN).This is the first step the country of Guatemala has taken to move on from its horrible past. As is obvious, the Guatemalan country suffered greatly with the Cold War because of all the problems it created. The United States aided this country because of the containment policy at first but ended up supporting the army that caused the genocide, and eventually creating a civil war that lasted thirty years. Guatemala is doing much better in modern days, but it still has not fully recovered from such events that occurred in the past, a huge scar was left behind.

What techniques does Shakespeare use to reveal Iago’s villainy?

The play Othello is a stereotypical Shakespearean tragedy and it uses characters that are stereotypical of the views people had during the Jacobean period. Othello is a tragedy because the main characters die at the end f the play, also throughout the play themes of prejudice; deceit and love/hate are introduced. Shakespeare has used other sources other that his imagination for his plays. ‘Othello' was thought to have been taken from Hecatommithi, a collection of Italian short stories written by Giraldi Cinthio, the story seven contains many of the same names and situations as in Othello. In this essay I will analyze and comment on how Shakespeare uses techniques to reveal Iago's villainy. I will look at what effects the techniques Shakespeare uses have on the way Iago is presented to the audience. In act 2 scene 3 ‘Othello' we can clearly see the way Iago uses his surreptitious mind to persuade Othello that Desdemona is having an affair with Casio. Due to Iago's manipulation of Othello, Othello starts to doubt Desdemona's loyalty and becomes under Iago's control. Iago uses a sly way to get Othello's attention and get him to believe what he has to say is true, he uses phrases such as â€Å"my noble lord† using both a personal pronoun by saying â€Å"my† and flattery by calling Othello his â€Å"noble lord† which would be taken as a huge compliment. Othello interestedly says â€Å"what dost thou say, Iago?† Iago the produces a question â€Å"Did Michael Cassio, when you woo'd my lady know of your love?† which is, in this case, the first question to doubt Othello's mind. Othello replies with â€Å"he did, from first to last, why dost thou ask?† meaning Cassio did know about their love, Othello is a it confused by the question so asks Iago why he asked, Iago then sneakily continues with â€Å"but for satisfaction of my thought, no further harm† and this is to keep Othello interested but still in doubt of what's going on and what's the point of it all. Iago used techniques of withholding information, this gets Othello curious as to why Iago is so inquisitive, this makes Othello frustrated by Iago's confusing answers, he demands an answer, this makes the audience feel Othello is not as good character as he seemed and Iago is not as clever as he previously thought. Othello is very clever in the way that he tells Iago , â€Å"yes, and went between us very oft† here he tries to get information out of Iago about what's going on because Othello had been incidentally reminded but Iago that Cassio has easy and frequent access to Desdemona so therefore senses that Iago is lying, which causes Iago to repeat his words out of coyness â€Å"honest my lord†, Iago is then worried that he had gone too far and saves himself with a brief answer to Othello my lord, for aught I know†. However Othello can't be fooled that easily and still suspects something is going on and therefore assumed Iago is withholding information, so asks â€Å"what dost thou think?† Othello then falls deeper into his daze of doubt and tells Iago that he knows there is more to it that meets the eye, â€Å"nay there's more in this.† Iago then tells Othello he is known of being false and nasty but it is what he has seen and heard â€Å"why say they are vilet false†, and Iago says to Othello that he doesn't want to tell him, but needs to â€Å"it is my natures plague to spy into abuse† Iago tells Othello his story. Although Iago is careful not to say anything that could later be used against him, Othello becomes angry and annoyed, yet upset at what he thinks has happened, â€Å"†¦he echoes me, as if there were some monster in his thought too hideous to be shown† but then Iago cleverly ends the subject with â€Å"my lord, you know I love you† so that he can then bring it up later, and at the same time establishes Othello's trust in him. After a long conversation with each other, Iago becomes more persuasive towards Othello, he tries to get Othello to agree with him but also leaving a bit of doubt in what he says â€Å"†¦I think that he is honest†, which Othello automatically believes he is honest if Iago says so, because he trusts him so much and at the time, is believing everything Iago is saying. Also that words Iago uses is important in the persuasion, such as â€Å"men should be what they seem† and â€Å"†¦ I think Cassio's an honest man†, the significance of these words is important because Iago is leaving no evidence and is making sure he is not saying anything that other characters in the play, including Othello can use against him as evidence to prove he is a villain. This makes the readers feel slightly intimidated by the character Iago; he is cunning and devious and is very clever at carrying out his plans toward Othello. Shakespeare uses specific techniques to show that the manipulation of other characters by Iago. Iago makes the characters in the play believe he is honest when in fact he is deceiving them and is going behind their backs to turn others against them. For example, in act 3 scene 3 â€Å"my noble lord†. Iago is gaining Othello's trust by using personal pronouns and addressing him as if they were the best of friends. By gaining Othello's trust, Iago thinks Othello will listen to him more and is more likely to believe what he is saying. By having this advantage of being able to influence what Othello does and says, the other characters wouldn't know what Iago is doing; but with Othello being in charge, Iago technically has control over the other characters by being able to influence Othello's decisions. He later then says â€Å"o beware, my lord of jealousy† in this statement Iago is making Othello think about Cassio trying to get with Desdemona because he is jealous of Othello and Desdemona's relationship. One of Iago's techniques is to find the characters' weaknesses and use it against them. One example of this is when Iago discovers Cassio's weakness was alcohol; Cassio leaves Iago on his own, this gives him time to explain to the audience what he is planning to do. â€Å"If I can fasten but one cup on him†¦ He'll be full of quarrel and offence† Then convinced him to have a few more drinks, he got drunk and started fighting. Iago did this because he wanted to get moved up ranking and wanted Cassio's position so was trying to get him fired. Typical views of Italian men in the renaissance period involve scheming, and devious behavior. Shakespeare created Iago based on the personality traits of a typical Italian stereotype, Machiavelli. Machiavelli did anything it took to get to the top, much like Iago, who was willing to kill people so he could get a higher position, he was also deceitful and devious like Machiavelli because of his two faced treachery. Iago manages to persuade characters in the play to do things that will benefit him, things that they would not normally do, one of the main victims of this particular type of manipulation is Othello, and Iago manages to [persuade Othello to kill Desdemona, the love of his life! He does this by using persuasive techniques such as reverse intention, this occurs throughout the play, when Othello and Iago are talking about Cassio's dream Othello shouts â€Å"monstrous† but Iago then says â€Å"nay† trying to imply it was only a dream, therefore minimizing the significance, at least, this is what Iago would theoretically be trying to do, however in this case he is actually trying to make Othello suspect more than a dream. At this point the audience know Iago is the villain because of the recent goings on in the play relating to trying get Cassio drunk, and his monologues so realize what he is trying to do. Another instance of reverse intention is when Iago states â€Å"let her live† he puts the idea of killing Desdemona in Othello's mind despite never mentioning it in the first place. Iago purposely uses long sentences so Othello only notices the points he wants him to notice, subtly disguising the hints he imploys to imply Desdemona's guilt, â€Å"I do beseech though I perchance and vicious in my guess ( as I confess it is my natures plague they spy into my abuses and of my jealousy shape faults that are not)-that your wisdom from one that is so imperfectly conceits would not notice, nor build yourself a trouble out of his scattering and unsure observance†, Although the character Iago is saying he is vicious in his guess, and then tries to accuse Othello of mistakenly imagining things, he is basically trying to avoid having to say something unpleasant, trying to direct Othello away from the point that was made. The commentary then gets Othello confused, he asks, â€Å"What dost thou mean?† Iago then has tie plain it, quite distressing Othello, it makes Othello think Iago is accusing him of a life of jealousy which he gets quite offended by. In the play, Shakespeare purposely structures it Iago's villainy it revealed at the end, if this were not the case, and the characters realized Iago's villainy at the beginning or earlier on in the play, there would be no storyline, the play is only based around two days, here would be no themes of deceit, death, heartbreak and villainy, so structuring the play in this way was the best way of presenting the tragedy. Also, because the play was only based on two days, this would not gave given Desdemona any time to be unfaithful to Othello, therefore undermining the belief for Othello's guilt. Iago is clever by covering his deception by never saying anything that he would think Othello would take offence to or not believe, he only says things he knows Othello is thinking anyway so he doesn't get himself into trouble, he never even suggests anything he just presents them as mere ideas so people have nothing to blame on him later on it the play † to grosses issues, nor larger reach than to suspicion† Iago is urging Othello to take a different course of action in certainty he is only planting the idea in his mind. Racism and prejudice would be a difficult theme to portray if Iago's villainy was revealed at the beginning, Othello would never befriend a known villain because he is hated enough for his race, he feels alien to Desdemona and his other characters n the play, â€Å"his own clime, complexion and degree†, this makes Othello feel alienated, â€Å"set on thy wife†, Othello has moved from feeling fine to feeling low, he sunk very quickly after Iago mentioned he is different to Desdemona, he took things to heart easily and took offence very easily. Until the end, Othello has no suspicion towards Iago's villainy, this is strange as Iago is trying to turn Othello against his beloved wife, he tries to imply this has cheated on him, he is jealous and he is imagining things, all false accusations, yet Othello notices nothing, because of the repeated use of the word honest when talking about Iago.

Business Process Re-engineerings Come-back

Business Process Re-engineerings Come-back Free Online Research Papers Introduction Pace of literature being published about Business process re-engineering, one of the most talked about phenomena of 90s seems to have gone down in past few years. But recent downturn across the globe has created perfect environment for BPR to make a comeback in a big way. Business process re-engineering has been defined by many researchers in their own words but definition given by Hammer and Champy(1993) is still referred to a lot, according to them: â€Å"Re-engineering is the fundamental rethinking and radical redesign of business processes to achieve dramatic improvements in critical, contemporary measures of performance such as cost, quality, service and speed[1].† T his article discusses the factors that are critical for success of a business process re-engineering project, and also why this is the perfect time to undertake such projects. Critical success factors for a BPR project There have been many researches in the past to find out critical success factors for a BPR exercise. Factors suggested by Hammer and Stanton have pretty much been the basis of most of such studies done in this area. These factors are: 1.Re-engineering Leadership 2.Organizational Readiness 3.Style of Implementation Lets examine these factors in detail and see which of these factors are the most relevant, when it comes to re-engineering in these times. Re-engineering Leadership This signifies leaders vision and commitment to the project. Since changes involved are radical in nature, and concentrate on processes instead of people, so such changes are often met with a lot of resistance from employees at all levels. To overcome this you need someone from top management to lead the project from front because heads of all the functions involved wont be willing to give up their autonomy. How relevant is this factor in these times? Almost all companies would be thinking of re-engineering their process in current turmoil , of course, reasons would vary from company to company. 1.Companies that have been badly impacted and whose survival is endangered (if this downturn continues for long) are looking for radical changes in the way they do business. These companies want quick response from their re-engineering projects. 2.Companies that have been mildly impacted, or have not been impacted by this downturn need to reengineer themselves for 3 reasons: 1.To guard themselves against long term impact of this downturn 2.To grab the market share of the companies that have been wiped out of picture because this downturn 3.To consolidate their businesses, and prepare for the good times that will follow this downturn Almost all the companies have been forced to take up re-engineering projects to make their survival viable in long term. Even those companies that have not been impacted need to take a fresh look at their processes and prepare themselves for future. So this time, the mandate to re-engineer has been forced on almost all companies, and the top management is not left with any option but to ensure that processes are re-engineered in the best interest of the company. Organizational Readiness Organizational readiness is the existence in the organization of an open attitude toward re-engineering, the capability to make the changes needed and the resources required to support the process. How relevant is this factor in these times? Desperate times call for drastic measures, and there havent been more desperate times than this in past several decades. Organizations definitely have the attitude to re-engineer and sail through the current turmoil but, resources and capabilities might not be present within the organizations. But resources and capabilities are not a constraint anymore as both of these can be arranged, from outside the company. There are enough agencies who can bring in the capabilities and execute the BPR projects for its clients. As far as monetary resource are concerned bailout packages from governments, and declining interest rates have made it easier for organizations to raise money. Companies can also use these resources and invest in building in house capabilities to carry out successful re-engineering projects. Style of Implementation Style of implementation covers aspects such as the need for the re-engineering project to be scoped correctly, for project participants to be empowered to make changes and management systems to be put into place before the implementation of re-engineering projects. The scope of the process chosen for redesign must be well defined in terms of cost improvements or increases in customer value for it to improve performance across the organization. How relevant is this factor in these times? With almost 2 decades in practice, there are enough proven methods which can be followed to make the re-engineering projects successful. Also, with lesser business activity happening these days, this is a perfect time to devote all the organizational energy towards re-engineering processes. Agencies that undertake BPR projects on contractual basis are available in large numbers these days. Organizations can avail their services to carry out a successful re-engineering project. Technology, which is another very important tool for carrying out re-engineering, is also available easily these days. With open-source business process management and re-engineering tools, come best practices evolved over the years, at very little cost Conclusions Need for re-engineering is at all time high and so is the supply of resources for carrying out these projects. Companies should embark upon this journey before its too late for them. If an organization is not convinced with its capabilities to carry out such project on its own then, there is enough professional help available in the market these days. References 1.Hammer,M., Champy.J., (1993), Re-engineering the Corporation: A Manifesto for Business Revolution., Harper Collins, London. 2.Murphy F., Seddon P., Staples S. (2000), Testing Hammer and Stantons Re-engineering success diagnostic., Australasian Journal of Information Systems, Melbourne. Research Papers on Business Process Re-engineering's Come-backGenetic EngineeringIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalThe Project Managment Office SystemOpen Architechture a white paperResearch Process Part OneMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductDefinition of Export QuotasTwilight of the UAWNever Been Kicked Out of a Place This NiceEffects of Television Violence on Children

Lewis Surname Meaning & Origin

Lewis Surname Meaning & Origin The Lewis surname is generally derived from the Germanic given name Lewis (Lowis, Lodovicus), meaning reknowned, famous battle, from the Germanic elements hlod ‘fame’ wig ‘war.’ In Wales, the Lewis surname may have derived from an Anglicized form of the personal name Llywelyn. As an Irish or Scottish surname, Lewis can be an Anglicized form of the Gaelic Mac Lughaidh, meaning son of Lughaidh, derived from Lugh brightness. Lewis is also a common Americanization of several similar sounding Jewish surnames, such as Levy and Lewin. Lewis is the 26th most popular surname in the United States and the 21st most common surname in England. Surname Origin: English Alternate Surname Spellings: LOUIS, LOUYS Famous People with the Surname LEWIS: Edna Lewis - Gourmet chef and cookbook authorEdmonia Lewis - African American and Native American female sculptorCarl Lewis - Olympic track and field athleteMeriwether Lewis - one half of the legendary Lewis Clark expedition to the Pacific Ocean, along with William Clark.C.S. Lewis - author of the popular Narnia series of childrens books. Genealogy Resources for the Surname LEWIS: 100 Most Common U.S. Surnames Their MeaningsSmith, Johnson, Williams, Jones, Brown... Are you one of the millions of Americans sporting one of these top 100 common last names from the 2000 census? LEWIS Surname DNA ProjectExplore family histories and/or submit your DNA to help unravel the various Lewis family lines. Lewis Family Genealogy ForumSearch this popular genealogy forum for the Lewis surname to find others who might be researching your ancestors, or post your own Lewis query. FamilySearch - LEWIS GenealogyFind records, queries, and lineage-linked family trees posted for the Lewis surname and its variations. LEWIS Surname Family Mailing ListsRootsWeb hosts several free mailing lists for researchers of the Lewis surname. Cousin Connect - LEWIS Genealogy QueriesRead or post genealogy queries for the surname Lewis, and sign up for free notification when new Lewis queries are added. DistantCousin.com - LEWIS Genealogy Family HistoryFree databases and genealogy links for the last name Lewis. Looking for the meaning of a given name? Check out First Name Meanings Cant find your last name listed? Suggest a surname to be added to the Glossary of Surname Meanings Origins. Source Cottle, Basil. Penguin Dictionary of Surnames. Baltimore, MD: Penguin Books, 1967. Menk, Lars. A Dictionary of German Jewish Surnames. Avotaynu, 2005. Beider, Alexander. A Dictionary of Jewish Surnames from Galicia. Avotaynu, 2004. Hanks, Patrick and Flavia Hodges. A Dictionary of Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1989. Hanks, Patrick. Dictionary of American Family Names. Oxford University Press, 2003. Smith, Elsdon C. American Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 1997.

Doll Barbie as a Threat to the Intrinsic Culture of Iran Case Study - 1

Doll Barbie as a Threat to the Intrinsic Culture of Iran - Case Study Example The boyfriend culture and alcohol are too inconsistent with the Islamic culture of Iran. Owing to these facts, the Institute for Intellectual Development of Children and Young Adults shaped the doll Sara to knock the Barbie off the shelves in Iranian markets. Sara’s complexion is darker than Barbie and her hair is black. She appears in the traditional Iranian chador that is long enough to touch the floor. Instead of a boyfriend, the Institute designed Dara, who holds the status of Sara’s brother. He wears a turban on the head and a coat. Since thirty years from now when the Islamic Revolution occurred in Iran, Iran has become sensitive about the way West has conventionally influenced other cultures through its products. Accordingly, Iran ceased a Coca-Cola factory that was known to promote American culture in Iran, though not all Iranians condemn Barbie. There are owners of toy stores in Iran who consider Barbie as a means of business that has got nothing to do with cul ture. And there is a moderate community among Iranians that do not like the government’s idea of prohibiting things in the name of culture. Barbie is still popular in Iran and its massive smuggling into Iran stays as an evidence for that. Barbie has been liked a lot in the Arab world, though the Arab League designed the doll Leila in order to make the Arab girls proud of their indigenous culture. Leila was a ten years old doll, the color of whose hair and eyes were black. She wore both Western and traditional Arabic dresses. Leila’s price was $10, which was much less than that of Barbie. However, Leila could not be launched. For Muslim Americans, a Michigan based manufacturer produced the doll Razanne. Razanne promotes the message that the inside of humans matters instead of the way they look. Razanne is preteen and is of three kinds; the blonde fair Razanne, the black haired and olive skinned Razanne, and the black haired and black skinned Razanne.